AI Identifies Author of Charred Scroll Buried by Vesuvius for 2,000 Years

For the first time, researchers have identified the author and title of a document that’s been locked inside a charred scroll for nearly 2,000 years—without peeling back a single layer.

The scroll, PHerc. 172, was recovered from the ruins of Herculaneum, the ancient Roman town buried by the ash and debris of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. The scroll is one of three Herculaneum scrolls that now reside at Oxford’s Bodleian Libraries.

Thanks to high-resolution scans and some seriously clever machine learning, scholars were able to virtually “unwrap” the papyrus and read the name inside: On Vices, by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus.

The treatise—its full name being On Vices and Their Opposite Virtues and In Whom They Are and About What, according to Fine Books Magazine, is basically ancient self-help, exploring how to live a virtuous life by avoiding vice. Philodemus wrote the work in the first century BCE and it is now being read for the first time since it was buried in the devastating volcanic eruption nearly 2,000 years ago.

The discovery—confirmed by multiple research teams—earned the project’s collaborators the $60,000 First Title Prize from the Vesuvius Challenge, an open-science competition that’s been making ancient texts readable using AI.

In recent years, artificial intelligence has been instrumental in deciphering the ancient, carbonized scrolls from Herculaneum, a Roman town buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79. These scrolls, first discovered in the 18th century in what is now known as the Villa of the Papyri, comprise one of the only surviving libraries from the classical world.

Due to their fragile, charred condition, traditional (read: manual) methods of unrolling the scrolls often destroyed them. Now, researchers are using advanced imaging and machine learning to read these texts without ever opening them.

The turning point came in 2015, when scientists used X-ray tomography to read a different ancient scroll from En-Gedi, creating a 3D scan that could be virtually “unwrapped.” Building on this, researchers at the University of Kentucky developed the Volume Cartographer, a program that uses micro-CT imaging to detect the faint traces of carbon-based ink on the scrolls.

Because the ink contains no metal, unlike many ancient writing materials, a neural network had to be trained to recognize subtle patterns indicating ink on the carbonized papyrus. In 2019, researchers successfully demonstrated this technique, setting the stage for broader applications.

These breakthroughs culminated in the Vesuvius Challenge, launched in 2023 to crowdsource the decoding of unopened scrolls. Participants use AI tools—particularly convolutional neural networks and transformer models—to identify and reconstruct text within the scrolls. In October 2023, the first word (“purple”) was read from an unopened scroll, earning a $40,000 prize. The challenge continues, with prizes offered for deciphering additional text and improving the technology.

Brent Seales, a computer scientist at the University of Kentucky and co-founder of the Vesuvius Challenge, told The Guardian that the team’s current bottleneck is cleaning, organizing, and enhancing the scan data so that researchers can actually interpret the carbonized ink as text.

Importantly, the digital unwrapping process is guided by human expertise. AI highlights likely areas of ink on the ancient documents, but scholars interpret the patterns to determine if they form coherent words or phrases. The goal is not only to recover lost philosophical texts, many of which are possibly by Epicurus or his followers, but also to establish a scalable system for digitizing and decoding ancient texts—transforming our understanding of the classical world.